Activity of calix [4] pyrrole derivatives against E. coli, S. aureus, and Streptococcus mutans as a novel antibacterial treatment

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Abstract

Background: The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a global health crisis. The misuse of antibiotics in clinical and agricultural settings has accelerated the resistance of pathogenic bacteria, rendering many conventional treatments ineffective. Among the most concerning pathogens are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans, which are linked to severe infections and increased resistance. This experimental study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Calix[4]Pyrrole derivatives by assessing their inhibition zones and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against E. coli, S. aureus, and Streptococcus mutans, compared to the standard antibiotic Ampicillin.Methods:The derivatives were synthesized following standard protocols and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to confirm their chemical structure. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) medium and the Kirby-Bauer well agar diffusion method. Zones of inhibition were measured after incubating the plates at 37°C for 24 hours. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were determined by preparing serial dilutions of the compounds ranging from 15.6 to 500 µg/mL and monitoring bacterial growth.Results:The calix[4]pyrrole derivatives exhibited antibacterial activity against  Staphylococcus   aureus, Streptococcus   mutans,   and   E. coli, with  inhibition  zones   increasing   as   concentration  increased. Calix[4] pyrrole derivative(Cpd3)  showed   the   highest  inhibition   zones, up  to  19.5   mm   for   Staphylococcus  aureus.The   MIC  values  confirmed   that  (Cpd3) had  the  lowest  MIC  across  all  bacteria,indicating  its  high  efficacy. Calix[4] pyrrole derivative(Cpd4)  also   demonstrated strong antibacterial activity,particularly against E. coli.All compounds   outperformed the standard antibiotic,Ampicillin.Conclusions: Calix[4] pyrrole derivatives show promise as alternative antibacterial agents and warrant further investigation for clinical applications.

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Main Subjects

Microbes and Infectious Diseases

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 04 February 2025

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